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CHAPTER
2
Background
2.1 Historical perspective
Post-independence at the time of launch of India's
planned development, the Environmental Hygiene
Committee recommended a programme to provide
safe water supply to all villages within a certain period
as part of First Five Year Plan (1951-56). For this
purpose, the National Water Supply Programme was
launched in 1954, under the health sector.
Until the Third Five Year Plan (1961-66), drinking water
supply in the rural areas was a component of the
Community Development Programme. This effort was
supplemented by the Ministry of Health under the then
National Water Supply and Sanitation Programme.
In 1972-73, Accelerated Rural Water Supply
Programme (ARWSP) was launched to supplement the
efforts of State Governments, especially in areas of
acute scarcity and those endemic to water borne
diseases. The programme gained further momentum
during the Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-79) under the
Minimum Needs Programme.
In 1986, the National Drinking Water Mission (NDWM),
popularly known as the Technology Mission was
launched in order to provide scientific input and cost- ensuring sustainability of water availability in terms of
effective technological solutions to address water potability, adequacy, convenience, affordability and
scarcity. equity, on a sustainable basis, adopting decentralized
approach involving Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs)
In the Eighth Plan (1992-97), Sub-missions for tackling
quality problem, i.e. habitations suffering from excess and community organizations.
Arsenic, Fluoride, Iron, salinity, scarcity of water In 2013, certain changes were introduced in NRDWP,
sources, and requiring sustainability of the sources & viz. i.) providing focus on pipe water supply schemes;
the systems, were taken up. ii.) wherever possible, enhancing service level from 40
lpcd to 55 lpcd; iii.) providing greater thrust on water
In 1999-2000, decentralized, demand-driven,
community-managed sector reforms were undertaken quality and Japanese Encephalitis-Acute Encephalitis
involving Gram Panchayats/ local community in Syndrome (JE-AES) affected districts; iv.) waste water
treatment, recycling; and v.) O&M of ageing schemes.
planning, implementation and management of
drinking water schemes. This was later scaled up as In 2017, NRDWP was restructured to i.) make it more
Swajaldhara in 2002 and was implemented till 2007-08. competitive, result-oriented and outcome-based; ii.)
provide flexibility to states while implementing the
In 2004-05, ARWSP became part of Bharat Nirman programme by reducing its components; and iii.)
aiming at full coverage of habitations by 2008-09. The
providing piped water supply with the only exception
ARWSP was implemented till the year 2008-09 of
allowed in JE-AES affected districts.
Eleventh Plan (2007-12). In 2009-10, it was modified
and renamed as National Rural Drinking Water From 1951 to 2019, efforts were focused on providing
Programme (NRDWP) with major emphasis on safe drinking water supply to rural population either
9
2
Background
2.1 Historical perspective
Post-independence at the time of launch of India's
planned development, the Environmental Hygiene
Committee recommended a programme to provide
safe water supply to all villages within a certain period
as part of First Five Year Plan (1951-56). For this
purpose, the National Water Supply Programme was
launched in 1954, under the health sector.
Until the Third Five Year Plan (1961-66), drinking water
supply in the rural areas was a component of the
Community Development Programme. This effort was
supplemented by the Ministry of Health under the then
National Water Supply and Sanitation Programme.
In 1972-73, Accelerated Rural Water Supply
Programme (ARWSP) was launched to supplement the
efforts of State Governments, especially in areas of
acute scarcity and those endemic to water borne
diseases. The programme gained further momentum
during the Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-79) under the
Minimum Needs Programme.
In 1986, the National Drinking Water Mission (NDWM),
popularly known as the Technology Mission was
launched in order to provide scientific input and cost- ensuring sustainability of water availability in terms of
effective technological solutions to address water potability, adequacy, convenience, affordability and
scarcity. equity, on a sustainable basis, adopting decentralized
approach involving Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs)
In the Eighth Plan (1992-97), Sub-missions for tackling
quality problem, i.e. habitations suffering from excess and community organizations.
Arsenic, Fluoride, Iron, salinity, scarcity of water In 2013, certain changes were introduced in NRDWP,
sources, and requiring sustainability of the sources & viz. i.) providing focus on pipe water supply schemes;
the systems, were taken up. ii.) wherever possible, enhancing service level from 40
lpcd to 55 lpcd; iii.) providing greater thrust on water
In 1999-2000, decentralized, demand-driven,
community-managed sector reforms were undertaken quality and Japanese Encephalitis-Acute Encephalitis
involving Gram Panchayats/ local community in Syndrome (JE-AES) affected districts; iv.) waste water
treatment, recycling; and v.) O&M of ageing schemes.
planning, implementation and management of
drinking water schemes. This was later scaled up as In 2017, NRDWP was restructured to i.) make it more
Swajaldhara in 2002 and was implemented till 2007-08. competitive, result-oriented and outcome-based; ii.)
provide flexibility to states while implementing the
In 2004-05, ARWSP became part of Bharat Nirman programme by reducing its components; and iii.)
aiming at full coverage of habitations by 2008-09. The
providing piped water supply with the only exception
ARWSP was implemented till the year 2008-09 of
allowed in JE-AES affected districts.
Eleventh Plan (2007-12). In 2009-10, it was modified
and renamed as National Rural Drinking Water From 1951 to 2019, efforts were focused on providing
Programme (NRDWP) with major emphasis on safe drinking water supply to rural population either
9
